Varying Newton Gravitational “Constant” Cosmology

Further research on gravitational (G) fluctuations, as discussed in this work, can be conducted using various experimental and observational methods.

On Earth, advanced Cavendish-type experiments with enhanced accuracy can be employed, along with Earth-based gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO and Virgo.

In space, we can utilize sophisticated telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, which observes the first galaxies in the universe, and the Euclid telescope, which maps the distribution of dark matter and dark energy.

Looking ahead, the emergence of gravitational wave astronomy will allow us to investigate G fluctuations using the LISA gravitational wave detector and pulsar timing arrays, which have recently highlighted the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background.

Additionally, new experiments may be designed to measure G by comparing advanced atomic clocks in space with those in Earth's laboratory. However, current atomic clock technology is not yet precise enough to challenge G measurements obtained with traditional Cavendish balances.