Design Optimization of Subcavitating Hydrofoils for America's Cup Class Yachts

The current analysis involves a coupled adjoint approach that accounts for the interaction between aerodynamic and structural elements. This framework includes both a structural adjoint and an aerodynamic adjoint, along with off-diagonal terms to facilitate full coupling. A prototype of this methodology was first developed during my PhD thesis at Stanford, in collaboration with James Reuter and Juan. This project marked the initial integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) within the optimization loop.

In hydrostatic applications, the scenario differs from traditional wing box configurations, as we are dealing with solid structures. Consequently, the elements utilized are solid elements. In this context, the outer mold line serves as a structural variable; adjustments to the outer mold line directly impact the structure. This relationship is akin to that of a wing box but exhibits even greater influence due to the absence of thickness variables.